Unit+4+-+Diversity+of+Living+Things

= TEXTBOOK READINGS AND SUGGESTED HOMEWORK QUESTIONS =

Lesson 1.

Lesson 2.




 * Classification is a very broad term which simply means putting things in classes. Any kind of organisational scheme is a classification: for example, sorting smarties by colour, coins by diameter or cities by population. Humans seem unable to resist the urge to classify. It's one of the most basic activities of any science, because it's easier to think about a few groups of things than about lots of separate things.
 * Taxonomy means giving names to things. It tends to go hand in hand with classification, but need not. You can arrange things without naming them, or name them without arranging them, but the most helpful schemes name things in a way the reflects their classification.


 * Binomial nomenclature. The scientific naming of species whereby each species receives a Latin or Latinized name of two parts, the first indicating the genus and the second being the specific epithet. For example, //Juglans regia// is the English walnut; //Juglans nigra,// the black walnut.


 * Phylogeny is the ``tree of life'' - the hierarchical structure by which every life-form is related to every other life-form. The word phylogeny refers to the reality of that tree - the one, true, tree - as opposed to the theories that people make about it. So phylogeny is not an activity (something that we //do//), but a fact (something that we try to discover.)


 * Systematics is the process of trying to classify animals (or plants) according to their phylogeny. We could describe the systematics of a group at any moment as being the best current approximation to its phylogeny - because the phylogeny is a solid, unchanging thing, but our systematics will change as we discover more information. (For example, the Therizinosauria were widely considered to be related to the prosauropods until the discovery of the basal therizinosaur //Beipiaosaurus// showed that they were coelurosaurs.)

= = Lesson 3.
 * Cladistics, also known as //phylogenetic systematics//, is a relatively new way of doing systematics. It works by analysing different taxa to find objective similarities and differences between them, and using those similarities and differences to derive a hierarchical structure showing which taxa are most similar to others. The assumption is that similar taxa are similar because they are related, so that the trees produced by cladistic analysis are approximations to the phylogeny of the group being studied. The cladistic method was first described in 1966 by Hennig, but has really taken off on the last decade due to the availability of cheap, powerful computers to run the analyses.

media type="youtube" key="wpKulkADzBk" width="560" height="315" = Dichotomous Key Activity #2- Build your own. = = Dichotomous Key Arachnid activity #3 = = Dichotomous Key Sharks and Rays activity #4 = ==

= Phylogenic Trees and Cladograms =

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=**@https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c58k8wNuL1Y**=

= A few characteristics used to separate the 6 kingdoms = = = KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA : They are unicellular prokaryotes with distinctive cell membranes as well as biochemical and genetic properties that differ from all other kinds of life. Many Archaebacteria live in harsh environments.

KINGDOM EUBACTERIA : They are unicellular prokaryotes. Most of the bacteria (Germs) that affect your life are members of the Kingdom Eubacteria.

KINGDOM PROTISTA : These organisms are placed here more because of what they are not than what they are. Kingdom Protista contains all Eukaryotes that are NOT Plants, Animal, or Fungi, more than 50,000 species in all. Kingdom Protista includes unicellular and a few simple multicellular Eukaryotes. Eukaroyotic cells have nuclei and organelles that are surrounded by membranes. The cells of multicellular protists are not specialized to perform specific functions in the organisms.

KINGDOM FUNGI: Fungi are Eukaryotes, and most are multicellular. The cells of fungi have cell walls that contain a material called chitin. These organisms are heterotrophic and obtain their nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into a food source. They absorb their food after it has been digested by the enzymes. Fungi act either as decomposers or as parasites in nature.

KINGDOM PLANTAE: Plants are Eukaryote, multicellular and carry out photosynthesis.

KINGDOM ANIMALIA: Animals are multicellular, Eukaryotes, and heterotrophic. Most members of the Animal Kingdom can move from place to place.





= The Cell and it's Organelles: An animation to help explore organelles = =[] =

= VENN DIAGRAM of Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes =

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

SIMILARITIES : 1. They both have DNA as their genetic material. 2. They are both membrane bound. 3. They both have ribosomes. 4. They have similar basic metabolism. 5. They are both amazingly diverse in forms

DIFERENCES : 1. eukaryotes have a nucleus, while prokaryotes do not 2. eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotes do not. The organelles of eukaryotes allow them to exhibit much higher levels of intracellular division of labor than is possible in prokaryotic cells. 3. Eukaryotic cells are, on average, ten times the size of prokaryotic cells. 4. The DNA of eukaryotes is much more complex and therefore much more extnsive than the DNA of prokaryotes. 5. Prokaryotes have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, a single large polymer of amino acids and sugar. Many types of eukaryotic cells also have cell walls, but none made of peptidoglycan. 6. The DNA of prokaryotes floats freely around the cell; the DNA of eukaryotes is held within its nucleus and associated with histones (proteins) 7. Eukaryotes undergo mitosis; prokaryotes divide by binary fission (simple cell division).

Bacterial Video Review

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media type="youtube" key="2iysq1kkTSk" height="480" width="853"

= Binary Fission =


 * @http://highered.mheducation.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::500::500::/sites/dl/free/0073375225/594358/BinaryFission.swf::BinaryFission**


 * @https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZzFTHKfZSg**

Bacterial Conjugation

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= VIDEOS to actually see different organisms in different kingdoms and phylum's. @http://www.microscopyu.com/moviegallery/pondscum/ =

= = = Viruses = = =

Viruses contains DNA **or** RNA as their genetic material and DNA or RNA may be single stranded or double stranded. The core of viruses i.e. genetic material is surrounded by protein or lipoprotein coat. It is called as the capsid, and sometimes the capsid is enveloped with a membrane, when they are in the outside of a cell or host. Capsid is composed with identical units, which are called capsomeres. The capsid is symmetrical and varied from simple helical form to highly complex structures.

Viruses get attached to the host cell and insert their genetic material into the host cell. In the host cell, it produces several copies of genetic material and the protein coat. These protein coats and genetic materials are assembled into new daughter viruses. If DNA is the genetic material, it can be inserted in to genome and produce more and more viral protein instead of proteins of host. All these actions occur in lytic phase. Some viruses can be dormant in the host cell and does not show any symptoms, so called lysogenic phase.

**Retrovirus**

Viruses that carry reverse transcription are called retroviruses. This virus can convert their RNA into DNA copy. This process is catalyzed by reverse transcriptase enzyme. Then this DNA is integrated covalently into the host genome using integrase enzyme, which is coded by reverse transcriptase. So, retrovirus has a special advantage as a gene carrier. They are integrated into the host genome directly, but the reverse transcription is much faster than the normal transcription process and it is not much accurate. So offspring may be genetically different from the first generation. Retroviruses can cause HIV and number of cancers in animals.

Read more: [|http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-retrovirus-and-vs-virus/#ixzz3DZw1pGxC]

= Viruses: Bacteriophages and the Lytic and Lysogenic cycles =



=== [|http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/viruses-bacteriophage-lytic-and-lysogenic-cycles.html#lesson] ===

Vaccines

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= Scariest Biological Weapons: Viruses and Bacteria. =

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EBOLA in the news []

= = = PROTISTS COLOURING SHEETS = = = = = ==
 * Guide break down of protists to animal kingdom: What to focus on more. **